Sunday, July 2, 2017

回答美国高中生的问题

张维迎那篇关于自由是一种责任的演讲,让我想到多年前在我回答一个美国高中生提出的多达十个问题中,有些回答有着类似的见解。我不认为自己是个聪明人,但至少我是个能保持独立见解和自由思考的人。中共统治下的中国恰恰抹杀的就是这种能够独立和自由思考的人。

把那次的问题和回答贴在这里,也算是个对应吧。10/14/2011

First of all, I don't know where you get to know that China is an "eco-friendly" country-----back to 100 years ago, it might be the case. In my view, nowadays China could be anyting but so-called eco-friendly country. Here I'd like to give you a clue----have you heard about a map issued by NASA last year that offers a Global View of Health-Sapping Air Pollution? Here is the link. http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/health-sapping.html. Hope you can easily find where China is.

Secondly, I have to admit that the topics of your ten questions are so big that we may have to write an academic article to answer each of them. Anyway, I will try my best to give my own opinion.

How is living in China different than living in America?

A: This question is quite broad and the answers really depend on personal experiences but overall I guess it is safe to say there are many differences in terms of living in America vs China. As you may understand, the biggest difference will be culture-related,which requires another article or even a book to address. As for the other aspects of living, in our own case, for example, here we have a bigger housing, a cheaper utility et al.

Pros in USA, better housing, better education system, can have more than one kid, more freedom, better law system, better air quality, less people,more sports/game choice, can play and carry guns, et al.
Pros in China, better food choice, more relatives gathering,  better career development, less working time.


Do you think Chinese people are more technology-savvy than Americans?


I don't know what to say. I mean I didn't get the point of such question. Can you name a few of technology that were invented in China in past 50 years or maybe 100 years? I don't think this is a question that will make sense for your project because in any population you will always find that some people are more savvy than other people and vice versa.



Do you think China as a whole is more technologically advanced than America? If so, what does America need to do to meet China’s standards?

see the answers above. or a short answer is NO. There is no such thing as China's standards.


Do you think America should be relying on China for “eco-friendly” innovations, or should Americans be focusing on domestic innovations?



1. China is not eco-friendly at all.
2. Yes, I guess America only can rely on themselves. 



How is your job in America different than past jobs in China? How many hours do you work in America as opposed to China? Do you think you get better benefits in America or China?

1. I am here a cyto technologist and I used to be a professor in the college when I was in China. I guess you can easily tell how much difference between these two jobs. As for working hours, overall there are almost same but I had more vocation time in China.
2. When you gain something, you lose something as well. In terms of career choice, It's hard for me to say I gained something here.

What are some Chinese family values and morals? From your perspective, how do American values differ from Chinese values?

1. There are too many to list here. In my view, one of biggest different of Chinese family values and morals vs American's is involved the way how we treat elders and kids. As in many Asian cultures, the elders of the family in China are revered for their wisdom. In both traditional and modern families, elders are respected, taken care of and looked up to by the rest of the family. We basically have an obligation to take care of our parents when they are aged. At this point we always feel very guilty because we are so far away from our parent although luckily we have our siblings in China.

As for raising a child, I am not sure whether you had read a book called Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother by Amy L. Chua. She was born here but her parents are Chinese but they moved from Philippines instead China. So somehow I don't think this author is real Chinese. This book was published in January 2011 and basically she tells the stories how she raised her two daughters successfully.  This book ignited a global parenting debate on how hard we as parents have to be on our kids. Anyway, many Chinese people actually didn't feel surprised when the Chinese version of the book was published and they think this only reflects a typical way how most of us raise children in China.
Take myself as an example, I asked myself whether I am a tiger mother and I discussed with my hubby. The conclusion was that I am not a real tiger mother but I am a pusher.

If you had a chance to ask every Chinese parent you met in America whether their kids learn any instruments. The answers would be 100% yes. And at least 9 out of 10 would be piano.

What do think American leaders need to do to get us out of our economic recession?

I guess the answer is very obvious if every politician pays attention to the movement of Occupy Wall Street that are happening now.



Do you think America has the means to make major changes in our energy efficiency (i.e. replacing the electrical grid, installing solar panels, using electric cars, etc.)?

Absolutely yes, The means are there but someone just ignores. I heard a story told by an American colleague of my hubby.  He believes that the technology of utilizing water as power resource to drive our car is there long time ago. However the oil companies not only already hold such patents but also try their best to prevent such patents into mass production. He said someone has been killed due to this. Do you believe such conspiracy?

Which innovations in China would be good to re-create in America? What do you think are the most important changes we (Americans) need to make in our energy efficiency?


1. Please refer to the answers above.
2.  I don't know what would be the most important changes regarding of energy efficiency in USA. But I do hold a question about why Americans love to dry their cloth in the electronic dryer when there is a more natural and more eco-friendly way-----showering in the SUN.

How do you think America should go about making these changes (in energy efficiency)? Do you think the government will be able to enforce these changes?

1. Let's start a small step before go too far---stop using any electronic dryer.
2. Unfortunately, I don't think so. We have first amendment here.



张维迎:自由是一种责任

目前,在国内大部分网站,张维迎这篇文章已经被封。这是中国共党领导下的政府继续深层次堕落和愚民政策的体现。

特转发这里。凡走过必留下痕迹。就凭这篇文章,凭张教授这次有胆识公开地讲出来,证明了他还是个有骨气的知识分子。看看除了封他的文章,还会有啥别的不要脸皮的小动作。



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原标题:张维迎:自由是一种责任张维迎本文为7月1日上午,张维迎教授在2017年北大国家发展研究院毕业典礼上的演讲。同学们好!首先祝贺大家毕业!“北大人”是一种光环,也是意味着责

原标题:张维迎:自由是一种责任

张维迎

本文为7月1日上午,张维迎教授在2017年北大国家发展研究院毕业典礼上的演讲。

同学们好!首先祝贺大家毕业!

“北大人”是一种光环,也是意味着责任,特别是对我们这个苦难深重、饱受蹂躏的民族的责任。

中华文明是世界最古老的文明之一,并且是唯一延续至今的古老文明。古代中国有过辉煌的发明创造,为人类进步做出了重要贡献。但在过去500年,中国在发明创造方面乏善可陈。让我用数字说明这一点。

根据英国科学博物馆的学者Jack Challoner的统计,从旧石器时代(250万年前)到公元2008年之间产生了1001项改变世界的重大发明,其中中国有30项,占3%。这30项全部出现在1500年之前,占1500年前全球163项重大发明的18.4%,其中最后一项是1498年发明的牙刷,这也是明代唯一的一项重大发明。在1500年之后500多年全世界838项重大发明中,没有一项来自中国。

经济增长源自新产品、新技术、新产业的不断出现。传统的社会只有农业、冶金、陶瓷、手工艺等几个行业,其中农业占据绝对主导地位。现在我们有多少个行业?按照国际多层分类标准,仅出口产品,两位数编码的行业有97个,4位数编码的行业有1222个,6位数编码的行业有5053个,而且还在不断增加。这些新的行业全是过去300年里创造的,每一件新产品都可以追溯到它的起源。在这些众多的新产业和新产品中,没有一个新行业或重要产品是中国人发明的!

以汽车产业为例。汽车产业是1880年代中期由德国人卡尔·本茨、戴姆勒和迈巴赫等人创造的,之后经历一系列的技术进步,仅从1900到1981年间,就有600多项重要创新(Albernathy, Clark and kantrow (1984))。中国现在是第一汽车生产大国,但如果你写一部汽车产业的技术进步史,榜上有名有姓的发明家数以千计,里边有德国人、法国人、英国人、意大利人、美国人、比利时人,瑞典人、瑞士人、日本人,但不会有中国人!

即使像冶金、陶瓷、纺织等这些在17世纪之前中国曾经领先的传统行业,过去三百年里的重大发明创造,没有一项是我们中国人做出的。

我要特别强调一下公元1500年之前和1500年之后的不同。1500年之前,全球分割成不同的区域,各区域之间基本处于封闭状态,一项新技术在一个地方出现,对其他地方的影响微乎其微,对人类整体的贡献非常有限。比如说,东汉的蔡伦于公元105年发明了造纸,但中国的造纸技术到公元751年后才传到伊斯兰世界,又过了三四百年才传到西欧。我上小学的时候,练字还得用“土盘”,用不起纸。

但1500年之后,全球开始一体化,不仅技术发明的速度加快,技术扩散的速度变得更快,一项新技术一旦在一个地方出现,很快就会被其他地方引进,对人类整体的进步发生重大影响。比如,德国人于1886年发明了汽车,15年之后,法国成为世界第一汽车生产国,又过了15年,美国取代法国成为第一汽车生产大国,到1930年,美国汽车普及率已达到60%。

因此,1500年之后,创新才真正有了国家间的可比性,谁优谁劣一目了然!中国在过去500年没有做出一项可以载入史册的发明创造,意味着我们对人类进步的贡献几乎为零!比我们的祖先差远了!

我还要强调一下人口规模问题,国家规模有大有小,国家之间简单比较谁的发明创造多,容易产生误导。
理论上讲,给定其他条件,一个国家的人口规模越大,创新越多,技术进步越快。并且,创新之比与人口之比是指数关系,不是简单的等比例关系。原因有二:第一,知识在生产上具有重要规模经济和外溢效应;第二,知识在使用方面不具有排他性。

10多年前,美国物理学家Geoffrey West等人发现,在城市生活中,人类的发明创造与人口的关系遵循正5/4指数缩放规则: 如果一个城市的人口是另一个城市的10倍,那么,发明创造总量是后者的10的四分之五次方,即17.8倍。

以此来看,中国对世界发明创新的贡献与中国的人口规模太不成比例。中国人口是美国人口的4倍,日本的10倍,英国的20倍,瑞士的165倍。按照知识创造的指数缩放法则,中国的发明创造应该是美国的5.6倍,日本的17.8倍,英国的42.3倍,瑞士的591倍。

但实际情况是,近代500年里,中国在发明创新方面对世界的贡献几乎为零,不要说与美国、英国比,我们甚至连瑞士的一个零头也达不到。瑞士人发明了手术钳,电子助听器,安全带,整形技术,液晶显示器,等等。中国人民银行印刷人民币使用的防伪油墨是瑞士的技术,中国生产的面粉有60%-70%是由瑞士布勒公司的机器加工的。

问题出在哪里?难道是中国人基因有问题吗?显然不是!否则,我们就没有办法解释古代中国的辉煌。
问题显然出在我们的体制和制度。创造力依赖于自由!思想的自由和行动的自由。中国体制的基本特点是限制人的自由,扼杀人的创造性,扼杀企业家精神。中国人最具创造力的时代是春秋战国时期和宋代,这不是偶然的。这两个时代也是中国人最自由的时代。

公元1500年之前,西方不亮,东方昏暗。公元1500年之后,西方一些国家经过宗教改革和启蒙运动,逐步走向自由和法治,我们却原地踏步,甚至反其道而行之。

我必须强调,自由是一个不可分割的整体,当心灵不自由的时候,行动不可能自由;当言论不自由的时候,思想不可能自由。只有自由,才有创造。让我用一个例子来说明这一点。

今天,饭前便后洗手已成习惯。但是,1847年,匈牙利内科医生伊格纳兹·塞麦尔维斯(Ignaz Semmelweis)提出医生和护士在接触产妇前需要洗手的时候,他冒犯了同行,并因此丢掉了工作,在一个精神病院死去,终年47岁。伊格纳兹·塞麦尔维斯的观点基于他对产褥热的观察,当时他所在的医院有两个产房,一个服务于富人,由专业医生和护士精心照料,这些医生不断在接生和解剖尸体之间转换工作;另一个服务于穷人,由接生婆负责。他发现,富人得产褥热的比例是穷人的三倍。他认为,原因是医生不洗手。但他的看法与当时流行的医学理论相矛盾,他也不能对自己的发现给出科学证明。

人类的卫生习惯是怎么改变的?这与印刷机的发明有关。

1440年代,德国企业家约翰内斯·古腾堡发明了活字印刷机。印刷机使得书籍和阅读普及开来,许多人突然发现,他们原来是“远视眼”,由此对眼镜的需求出现了爆发式的增长。在印刷机发明一百年后,欧洲出现了数千家眼镜制造商,并由此掀起一场光学技术的革命。

1590年,荷兰眼镜制造商JANSSEN父子把几个镜片累在一起放一个圆筒里,发现透过玻璃所观察的物件被放大,由此发明了显微镜。英国科学家Robert Hook用显微镜发现了细胞,引起了科学和医学一场革命。
但最初的显微镜分辨率并不高,直到1870年代,德国镜片制造商Carl Zeiss生产出了新的显微镜,它是基于精确的数学公式构造的。正是借助这种显微镜,德国医生罗伯特·科赫等人发现了肉眼看不见的微生物细菌,证明当年匈牙利医生塞麦尔维斯的观点是正确的,由此创立了微生物理论和细菌学。正是微生物学和细菌学的创立,逐步改变人类的卫生习惯,并由此导致人类预期寿命的大幅度延长。

我们可以设想一下:如果当初古腾堡的印刷机被禁止使用,或者只被允许印刷教会和行政当局审查过的读物,那么,,阅读就不会普及开来,对眼镜的需求就不会那么大,显微镜和望远镜就不会被发明出来,微生物学就不会创立,我们不可能喝上消毒牛奶,人类的预期寿命也不会从30多岁增加到70多岁,更不要幻想探索宇宙空间了。

过去三十多年,中国经济取得了举世瞩目的成就。这一成就是建立在西方世界过去300年发明创造所积累的技术的基础上,支撑中国经济高速增长的每一项重要技术和产品,都是别人发明的,不是我们自己发明的。我们只是套利者,不是创新者,我们只是在别人建造的大厦上搭建了一个小阁楼,我们没有狂妄自大的理由!

牛顿花了30年的时间发现了万有引力,我花了三个月的时间搞明白了万有引力定律,如果我宣称自己用三个月的时间走过了牛顿30年的道路,你们一定觉得可笑。如果我再反过来嘲笑牛顿,那只能说明我太无知!

我们常说中国用世界7%的可耕地养活了世界20%的人口,但我们需要问一问:中国何以做到这一点?简单地说,就是大量使用化肥。中国人食物中大约一半的氮来自无机化肥。如果不使用化肥,一半的中国人会饿死。

氮肥的生产技术是那来的呢?是100多年前,德国科学家弗里茨·哈伯和BASF公司的工程师卡尔·博什发明的,不是我们自己发明的。1972年尼克松访问中国后,中国与美国做的第一单生意,就是订购13套当时世界上规模最大、最现代化的合成氨尿素生产设备,其中8套来自美国的KELLOGG公司。

再过五十年、一百年重写世界发明创新史,中国能否改变过去500年史上的空白?答案很大程度上依赖于我们能否持续提升中国人享有的自由。因为,只有自由,才能使中国人的企业家精神和创造力得到充分发挥,使中国变成一个创新型国家。

因此,推动和捍卫自由,是每一个关心中国命运的人的责任,更是每个北大人的使命!不捍卫自由,就配不上“北大人”的称号!